88 free engineering calculators: RF link budgets, LoRa/Meshtastic, PCB, solar, homelab. Keyless.
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https://calc.engineer/mcp89 strumenti · 956 msfsplCalculate free-space path loss (FSPL) in decibels using the ITU-R P.525 standard formula. Given a frequency in MHz and distance in kilometres, returns the expected signal attenuation in an ideal line-of-sight radio link with no obstacles, reflections, or atmospheric absorption. Also computes the RF…Calculate free-space path loss (FSPL) in decibels using the ITU-R P.525 standard formula. Given a frequency in MHz and distance in kilometres, returns the expected signal attenuation in an ideal line-of-sight radio link with no obstacles, reflections, or atmospheric absorption. Also computes the RF…
| Parametro | Tipo | Descrizione |
|---|---|---|
| freq_mhz* | number | Carrier frequency in megahertz (MHz) |
| dist_km* | number | Distance between transmitter and receiver in kilometres |
link_budgetCompute a full RF link budget from transmitter power, frequency, distance, and antenna gains. Calculates EIRP, free-space path loss (ITU-R P.525), received power at the receiver, and link margin relative to an optional receiver sensitivity threshold. Use this to determine whether a wireless link cl…Compute a full RF link budget from transmitter power, frequency, distance, and antenna gains. Calculates EIRP, free-space path loss (ITU-R P.525), received power at the receiver, and link margin relative to an optional receiver sensitivity threshold. Use this to determine whether a wireless link cl…
| Parametro | Tipo | Descrizione |
|---|---|---|
| tx_dbm* | number | Transmitter output power in dBm |
| freq_mhz* | number | Carrier frequency in megahertz (MHz) |
| dist_km* | number | Link distance in kilometres |
| tx_gain_dbi | number | Transmit antenna gain in dBi (default 2.15 for a half-wave dipole) |
| rx_gain_dbi | number | Receive antenna gain in dBi (default 2.15 for a half-wave dipole) |
| rx_sensitivity_dbm | number | Receiver sensitivity in dBm; when provided, link margin is calculated |
dipoleCalculate physical dimensions of a dipole antenna for a given frequency. Returns half-wave or quarter-wave element length in metres, feet, and inches. A half-wave dipole is the most common resonant antenna with approximately 2.15 dBi gain. A quarter-wave monopole (ground plane antenna) is half the…Calculate physical dimensions of a dipole antenna for a given frequency. Returns half-wave or quarter-wave element length in metres, feet, and inches. A half-wave dipole is the most common resonant antenna with approximately 2.15 dBi gain. A quarter-wave monopole (ground plane antenna) is half the…
| Parametro | Tipo | Descrizione |
|---|---|---|
| freq_mhz* | number | Operating frequency in megahertz (MHz) |
| type | string | Antenna type: half_wave dipole or quarter_wave monopole |
microstripCalculate PCB microstrip trace width for a target characteristic impedance using the Hammerstad-Jensen closed-form equations. Given target impedance (Z0), substrate dielectric constant (er), substrate height, and copper weight, returns the required trace width and effective dielectric constant. Opt…Calculate PCB microstrip trace width for a target characteristic impedance using the Hammerstad-Jensen closed-form equations. Given target impedance (Z0), substrate dielectric constant (er), substrate height, and copper weight, returns the required trace width and effective dielectric constant. Opt…
| Parametro | Tipo | Descrizione |
|---|---|---|
| z0_ohm | number | Target characteristic impedance in ohms (default 50) |
| er | number | Substrate relative dielectric constant (default 4.6 for FR-4) |
| height_mm* | number | Substrate height (dielectric thickness) in millimetres |
| copper_oz | number | Copper weight in oz/ft2 (1 oz = 0.035 mm thickness) |
| freq_mhz | number | Optional frequency in MHz for effective wavelength calculation |
dbm_convertConvert a power level in dBm to milliwatts, watts, dBW, and RMS voltage across a given impedance. dBm is the standard unit for RF power referenced to 1 milliwatt. This tool is essential when interfacing datasheets (which use dBm) with circuit analysis (which uses volts and watts). Default impedance…Convert a power level in dBm to milliwatts, watts, dBW, and RMS voltage across a given impedance. dBm is the standard unit for RF power referenced to 1 milliwatt. This tool is essential when interfacing datasheets (which use dBm) with circuit analysis (which uses volts and watts). Default impedance…
| Parametro | Tipo | Descrizione |
|---|---|---|
| dbm* | number | Power level in dBm (decibels relative to 1 milliwatt) |
| impedance_ohm | number | Load impedance in ohms for Vrms calculation (default 50) |
noise_figure_cascadeCalculate the cascaded noise figure of a multi-stage receiver chain using the Friis formula. Each stage has a noise figure and gain in dB. The first stage dominates overall system noise, which is why low-noise amplifiers (LNAs) are placed at the front of the chain. Returns total cascaded noise figu…Calculate the cascaded noise figure of a multi-stage receiver chain using the Friis formula. Each stage has a noise figure and gain in dB. The first stage dominates overall system noise, which is why low-noise amplifiers (LNAs) are placed at the front of the chain. Returns total cascaded noise figu…
| Parametro | Tipo | Descrizione |
|---|---|---|
| stages* | array | Ordered array of receiver chain stages, each with nf_db and gain_db |
vswrConvert between VSWR, return loss, and reflection coefficient — provide any one parameter and get all related impedance-mismatch metrics. Computes VSWR (voltage standing wave ratio), return loss in dB, reflection coefficient (gamma), mismatch loss, and percentage of power reflected vs transmitted.…Convert between VSWR, return loss, and reflection coefficient — provide any one parameter and get all related impedance-mismatch metrics. Computes VSWR (voltage standing wave ratio), return loss in dB, reflection coefficient (gamma), mismatch loss, and percentage of power reflected vs transmitted.…
| Parametro | Tipo | Descrizione |
|---|---|---|
| vswr | number | Voltage standing wave ratio (>= 1.0, where 1.0 is perfect match) |
| return_loss_db | number | Return loss in decibels (positive value, higher is better match) |
| reflection_coefficient | number | Reflection coefficient magnitude (gamma), 0 to 1 |
attenuator_piDesign a Pi-topology resistive attenuator pad. Given a desired attenuation in dB and characteristic impedance (default 50 ohm), computes the three resistor values for a symmetrical Pi-pad network. The Pi attenuator uses two shunt resistors (R1, R3) and one series resistor (R2). Commonly used in RF…Design a Pi-topology resistive attenuator pad. Given a desired attenuation in dB and characteristic impedance (default 50 ohm), computes the three resistor values for a symmetrical Pi-pad network. The Pi attenuator uses two shunt resistors (R1, R3) and one series resistor (R2). Commonly used in RF…
| Parametro | Tipo | Descrizione |
|---|---|---|
| attenuation_db* | number | Desired attenuation in decibels (positive value) |
| z0_ohm | number | Characteristic impedance in ohms (default 50) |
attenuator_teeDesign a Tee-topology resistive attenuator pad. Given a desired attenuation in dB and characteristic impedance (default 50 ohm), computes the three resistor values for a symmetrical T-pad network. The Tee attenuator uses two series resistors (R1, R3) and one shunt resistor (R2). Commonly used in RF…Design a Tee-topology resistive attenuator pad. Given a desired attenuation in dB and characteristic impedance (default 50 ohm), computes the three resistor values for a symmetrical T-pad network. The Tee attenuator uses two series resistors (R1, R3) and one shunt resistor (R2). Commonly used in RF…
| Parametro | Tipo | Descrizione |
|---|---|---|
| attenuation_db* | number | Desired attenuation in decibels (positive value) |
| z0_ohm | number | Characteristic impedance in ohms (default 50) |
fresnel_zoneCalculate the Fresnel zone radius at the midpoint of a radio link. Given frequency in MHz, link distance in kilometres, and zone number (1-5), returns the Fresnel zone radius in metres and feet, plus the 60% clearance threshold used in practical link engineering. The first Fresnel zone defines the…Calculate the Fresnel zone radius at the midpoint of a radio link. Given frequency in MHz, link distance in kilometres, and zone number (1-5), returns the Fresnel zone radius in metres and feet, plus the 60% clearance threshold used in practical link engineering. The first Fresnel zone defines the…
| Parametro | Tipo | Descrizione |
|---|---|---|
| freq_mhz* | number | Operating frequency in megahertz (MHz) |
| dist_km* | number | Total link distance in kilometres |
| zone_number | integer | Fresnel zone number (1-5, default 1) |
wavelength_freqConvert between radio frequency and wavelength. Provide either frequency in MHz or wavelength in metres, and get the full set of equivalent values: frequency in MHz and GHz, wavelength in metres, centimetres, millimetres, and feet. Essential for antenna dimensioning, waveguide selection, and quick…Convert between radio frequency and wavelength. Provide either frequency in MHz or wavelength in metres, and get the full set of equivalent values: frequency in MHz and GHz, wavelength in metres, centimetres, millimetres, and feet. Essential for antenna dimensioning, waveguide selection, and quick…
| Parametro | Tipo | Descrizione |
|---|---|---|
| freq_mhz | number | Frequency in megahertz (MHz) |
| wavelength_m | number | Wavelength in metres |
spice_templateGenerate a complete SPICE netlist from a parameterized template. Supports common circuit topologies: low-pass RC filter, voltage divider, common emitter amplifier. Returns a ready-to-simulate netlist string that can be passed directly to spice_simulate. Use this when an agent needs to construct a c…Generate a complete SPICE netlist from a parameterized template. Supports common circuit topologies: low-pass RC filter, voltage divider, common emitter amplifier. Returns a ready-to-simulate netlist string that can be passed directly to spice_simulate. Use this when an agent needs to construct a c…
| Parametro | Tipo | Descrizione |
|---|---|---|
| template* | string | Circuit template name |
| params* | object | Template-specific parameters (e.g. r_ohms, c_farads, v_source) |
| analysis | string | SPICE analysis type to include in netlist |
spice_simulateRun a SPICE circuit simulation directly in the worker. Accepts a standard SPICE netlist and performs operating-point (.op), DC sweep (.dc), AC frequency sweep (.ac), or transient (.tran) analysis using a built-in modified-nodal-analysis engine with Newton-Raphson nonlinear solving. Supports R, L, C…Run a SPICE circuit simulation directly in the worker. Accepts a standard SPICE netlist and performs operating-point (.op), DC sweep (.dc), AC frequency sweep (.ac), or transient (.tran) analysis using a built-in modified-nodal-analysis engine with Newton-Raphson nonlinear solving. Supports R, L, C…
| Parametro | Tipo | Descrizione |
|---|---|---|
| netlist* | string | SPICE netlist (ngspice-compatible). Must include at least one analysis command (.ac, .dc, .tran, .op) and end with .end |
| analysis | string | Override analysis type (auto-detected from netlist if omitted) |
| temperature_c | number | Simulation temperature in Celsius |
| options | object | Additional ngspice .options (e.g. { reltol: 0.001 }) |
| certify | boolean | If true, attach an a-posteriori existence certificate for the DC operating point (Newton–Kantorovich: proves a true solution exists within a computed radius, o… |
| tolerances | object | Component-tolerance box, e.g. {"R1":0.05,"V1":0.02} (fractional). With output_node, returns a certified min/max interval for that node over all component varia… |
| output_node | string | Node whose voltage is certified over the tolerance box (required with tolerances). |
lora_airtimeCalculates LoRa packet time-on-air using the Semtech AN1200.13 formula. Computes symbol duration, preamble time, payload symbol count, effective data rate, and the minimum transmission interval for 1% duty cycle compliance. Essential for capacity planning in LoRaWAN and Meshtastic mesh networks. Ac…Calculates LoRa packet time-on-air using the Semtech AN1200.13 formula. Computes symbol duration, preamble time, payload symbol count, effective data rate, and the minimum transmission interval for 1% duty cycle compliance. Essential for capacity planning in LoRaWAN and Meshtastic mesh networks. Ac…
| Parametro | Tipo | Descrizione |
|---|---|---|
| sf | integer | LoRa spreading factor (7-12). Higher SF = longer range but slower data rate. |
| bw_khz | number | LoRa channel bandwidth in kHz. Common values: 125, 250, or 500. |
| cr | integer | LoRa coding rate denominator (5-8). Represents 4/5 through 4/8 FEC ratio. |
| payload_bytes* | integer | Application payload size in bytes (0-255). |
| preamble_symbols | integer | Number of preamble symbols. LoRaWAN uses 8; raw LoRa may vary. |
| explicit_header | boolean | Whether to use explicit header mode. True for LoRaWAN; false for implicit header. |
| crc | boolean | Whether CRC is appended to payload. Recommended true for reliability. |
| low_data_rate_optimize | boolean | Enable low data rate optimization. Auto-calculated if omitted: enabled for SF >= 11 at BW 125 kHz. |
snr_marginComputes LoRa link SNR margin by comparing received power against the noise floor and the spreading-factor-dependent demodulation threshold from the Semtech SX1276 datasheet. Calculates receiver noise floor from thermal noise (-174 dBm/Hz), channel bandwidth, and receiver noise figure. Returns marg…Computes LoRa link SNR margin by comparing received power against the noise floor and the spreading-factor-dependent demodulation threshold from the Semtech SX1276 datasheet. Calculates receiver noise floor from thermal noise (-174 dBm/Hz), channel bandwidth, and receiver noise figure. Returns marg…
| Parametro | Tipo | Descrizione |
|---|---|---|
| rx_power_dbm* | number | Received signal power in dBm (e.g., -110). Typically from a link budget calculation or field measurement. |
| sf | integer | LoRa spreading factor (7-12). Higher SF tolerates lower SNR. |
| bw_khz | number | LoRa channel bandwidth in kHz. Affects noise floor. |
| noise_figure_db | number | Receiver noise figure in dB. Typical LoRa radio NF is 6 dB (SX1276). |
channel_utilizationEstimates Meshtastic or LoRa mesh channel utilization percentage based on node count, message rate, and per-packet airtime. Determines how much of the shared radio channel is occupied and computes the maximum number of nodes before exceeding a configurable duty cycle limit (default 10%). Returns ut…Estimates Meshtastic or LoRa mesh channel utilization percentage based on node count, message rate, and per-packet airtime. Determines how much of the shared radio channel is occupied and computes the maximum number of nodes before exceeding a configurable duty cycle limit (default 10%). Returns ut…
| Parametro | Tipo | Descrizione |
|---|---|---|
| nodes* | integer | Number of active nodes in the mesh network. |
| messages_per_hour_per_node | number | Average messages transmitted per hour per node. Includes position beacons and user messages. |
| airtime_ms* | number | Time-on-air per packet in milliseconds. Obtain from lora_airtime tool. |
| max_duty_cycle_pct | number | Maximum acceptable channel utilization percentage. Default 10% is a common Meshtastic guideline. |
lora_range_estimateEstimates LoRa maximum communication range by computing the free-space path loss (FSPL) link budget and applying terrain-dependent correction factors. Calculates total link budget from transmit power, antenna gains, and receiver sensitivity, then solves the FSPL equation for distance after subtract…Estimates LoRa maximum communication range by computing the free-space path loss (FSPL) link budget and applying terrain-dependent correction factors. Calculates total link budget from transmit power, antenna gains, and receiver sensitivity, then solves the FSPL equation for distance after subtract…
| Parametro | Tipo | Descrizione |
|---|---|---|
| tx_dbm | number | Transmit power in dBm. Typical LoRa: 14-30 dBm depending on region and module. |
| freq_mhz | number | Carrier frequency in MHz. Common: 868 (EU), 915 (US/AU), 433 (Asia). |
| tx_gain_dbi | number | Transmit antenna gain in dBi. 2.15 dBi = half-wave dipole. |
| rx_gain_dbi | number | Receive antenna gain in dBi. 2.15 dBi = half-wave dipole. |
| rx_sensitivity_dbm | number | Receiver sensitivity in dBm. Typical LoRa SF10/BW125: -130 dBm. Varies by SF and bandwidth. |
| terrain | string | Terrain type for path loss correction. open: line-of-sight, suburban: light buildings, urban: moderate buildings, dense_urban: city center, indoor: inside buil… |
lora_sensitivityCalculates LoRa receiver sensitivity from spreading factor, bandwidth, and noise figure using the Semtech SX1276 datasheet SNR thresholds. Computes the noise floor from thermal noise density (-174 dBm/Hz), channel bandwidth, and receiver noise figure, then adds the spreading-factor-dependent minimu…Calculates LoRa receiver sensitivity from spreading factor, bandwidth, and noise figure using the Semtech SX1276 datasheet SNR thresholds. Computes the noise floor from thermal noise density (-174 dBm/Hz), channel bandwidth, and receiver noise figure, then adds the spreading-factor-dependent minimu…
| Parametro | Tipo | Descrizione |
|---|---|---|
| sf | integer | LoRa spreading factor (7-12). Higher SF = better sensitivity but slower data rate. |
| bw_khz | number | LoRa channel bandwidth in kHz. Lower bandwidth = better sensitivity. |
| noise_figure_db | number | Receiver noise figure in dB. Typical LoRa radio NF is 6 dB (SX1276). |
duty_cycle_budgetCalculates LoRa duty cycle budget for EU868, US915, AS923, and AU915 regulatory regions. Computes maximum messages per hour, minimum transmission interval, and effective data rate under regional duty cycle constraints. EU868 and AS923 enforce 1% duty cycle (ETSI); US915 has no duty cycle limit but…Calculates LoRa duty cycle budget for EU868, US915, AS923, and AU915 regulatory regions. Computes maximum messages per hour, minimum transmission interval, and effective data rate under regional duty cycle constraints. EU868 and AS923 enforce 1% duty cycle (ETSI); US915 has no duty cycle limit but…
| Parametro | Tipo | Descrizione |
|---|---|---|
| airtime_ms* | number | Packet time-on-air in milliseconds. Obtain from the lora_airtime tool. |
| region | string | LoRa regulatory region. EU868: 1% duty cycle (ETSI). US915: no duty cycle but 400 ms dwell time (FCC). AS923: 1% duty cycle (varies by country). AU915: no duty… |
meshtastic_rangeEstimates Meshtastic node communication range using real hardware profiles and firmware channel presets. Combines device-specific TX power and antenna gain (Heltec V3, RAK WisBlock, T-Beam, T-Beam Supreme, Station G2) with firmware modem presets (Long Fast, Long Slow, Very Long Slow, Medium, Short)…Estimates Meshtastic node communication range using real hardware profiles and firmware channel presets. Combines device-specific TX power and antenna gain (Heltec V3, RAK WisBlock, T-Beam, T-Beam Supreme, Station G2) with firmware modem presets (Long Fast, Long Slow, Very Long Slow, Medium, Short)…
| Parametro | Tipo | Descrizione |
|---|---|---|
| device | string | Meshtastic hardware device. Selects default TX power, antenna gain, and noise figure. Use 'custom' to override all radio parameters manually. |
| channel_preset | string | Meshtastic firmware channel preset. Selects spreading factor, bandwidth, and coding rate. long_fast is the default; very_long_slow maximizes range at the cost… |
| terrain | string | Terrain type for path loss correction. open: line-of-sight, suburban: light buildings, urban: moderate buildings, dense_urban: city center, indoor: inside buil… |
| antenna_gain_dbi | number | Override device default antenna gain in dBi. Useful for aftermarket antennas. |
| tx_power_dbm | number | Override device default transmit power in dBm. |
| sf | integer | Custom spreading factor (7-12). Only used when channel_preset is 'custom'. |
| bw_khz | number | Custom bandwidth in kHz. Only used when channel_preset is 'custom'. |
| cr | integer | Custom coding rate denominator (5-8). Only used when channel_preset is 'custom'. |
eirp_complianceChecks EIRP (Effective Isotropic Radiated Power) compliance against regional regulatory limits for LoRa and Meshtastic operation. Computes EIRP from transmit power, antenna gain, and cable loss, then compares against FCC (US, 36 dBm), ETSI (EU, 16.15 dBm), ACMA (Australia, 30 dBm), IC (Canada, 36 d…Checks EIRP (Effective Isotropic Radiated Power) compliance against regional regulatory limits for LoRa and Meshtastic operation. Computes EIRP from transmit power, antenna gain, and cable loss, then compares against FCC (US, 36 dBm), ETSI (EU, 16.15 dBm), ACMA (Australia, 30 dBm), IC (Canada, 36 d…
| Parametro | Tipo | Descrizione |
|---|---|---|
| tx_power_dbm* | number | Conducted transmit power at the radio output in dBm. Typical LoRa: 14-22 dBm. |
| antenna_gain_dbi* | number | Antenna gain in dBi. Stock Meshtastic antennas: 2-3 dBi. External: 6-10+ dBi. |
| cable_loss_db | number | Coaxial cable and connector loss in dB. Set 0 for devices with integrated antennas. |
| region | string | Regulatory region for EIRP limit lookup. FCC_US: 36 dBm, ETSI_EU: ~16 dBm, ACMA_AU: 30 dBm, IC_CA: 36 dBm, JP: 13 dBm. |
| custom_limit_dbm | number | Custom EIRP limit in dBm. Only used when region is 'custom'. |
meshtastic_powerCalculates Meshtastic node power consumption and battery runtime using device-specific power profiles and firmware role-based duty cycling. Models sleep, RX, and TX current draw for Heltec V3, RAK WisBlock, T-Beam, T-Beam Supreme, and Station G2 with GPS, BLE, and display peripheral toggles. Role s…Calculates Meshtastic node power consumption and battery runtime using device-specific power profiles and firmware role-based duty cycling. Models sleep, RX, and TX current draw for Heltec V3, RAK WisBlock, T-Beam, T-Beam Supreme, and Station G2 with GPS, BLE, and display peripheral toggles. Role s…
| Parametro | Tipo | Descrizione |
|---|---|---|
| device | string | Meshtastic hardware device. Selects power consumption profile for sleep, RX, TX, GPS, and BLE. |
| channel_preset | string | Meshtastic channel preset. Affects TX airtime per message and thus power consumption. |
| battery_mah | number | Battery capacity in milliamp-hours. Common: 1100 (18650 min), 3000 (typical), 6000 (large). |
| battery_voltage | number | Nominal battery voltage. 3.7V for single-cell LiPo/Li-ion, 7.4V for 2S packs. |
| messages_per_hour | number | Expected messages sent and received per hour. Includes both TX and RX message events. |
| gps_enabled | boolean | Whether GPS is enabled. Significantly increases power draw on devices with built-in GPS. |
| bluetooth_enabled | boolean | Whether Bluetooth is enabled for phone connection. |
| role | string | Meshtastic node role. client: sleeps between events. router: always listening. repeater: always listening, no display/BLE. client_muted: aggressive sleep. |
lora_param_optimizerRecommends optimal LoRa spreading factor, bandwidth, and TX power based on target range, terrain, and optimization priority. Iterates through all SF (7-12) and BW (125/250/500 kHz) combinations, computing achievable range, airtime, data rate, and battery impact for each. Ranks candidates by priorit…Recommends optimal LoRa spreading factor, bandwidth, and TX power based on target range, terrain, and optimization priority. Iterates through all SF (7-12) and BW (125/250/500 kHz) combinations, computing achievable range, airtime, data rate, and battery impact for each. Ranks candidates by priorit…
| Parametro | Tipo | Descrizione |
|---|---|---|
| target_range_km* | number | Desired communication range in kilometers. |
| terrain | string | Terrain type for path loss model. open: line-of-sight, suburban: light buildings, urban: moderate buildings, dense_urban: city center, indoor: inside buildings. |
| max_payload_bytes | integer | Maximum payload size in bytes for airtime calculation. |
| priority | string | Optimization priority. range: maximize distance (high SF, low BW). speed: minimize airtime (low SF, high BW). battery: minimize power draw. balanced: best trad… |
| region | string | Regulatory region. Determines max TX power and duty cycle limit. |
| antenna_gain_dbi | number | Antenna gain in dBi. 2.15 = half-wave dipole reference. |
zfs_capacityCalculate usable ZFS pool capacity for any RAID level including stripe, mirror, raidz1, raidz2, and raidz3. Computes raw capacity, parity overhead, data disk count, usable terabytes after ZFS metadata overhead (checksums, block pointers, uberblocks), and storage efficiency percentage. Essential for…Calculate usable ZFS pool capacity for any RAID level including stripe, mirror, raidz1, raidz2, and raidz3. Computes raw capacity, parity overhead, data disk count, usable terabytes after ZFS metadata overhead (checksums, block pointers, uberblocks), and storage efficiency percentage. Essential for…
| Parametro | Tipo | Descrizione |
|---|---|---|
| disk_count* | integer | Total number of physical disks in the pool |
| disk_size_tb* | number | Size of each individual disk in terabytes |
| raid_type | string | ZFS RAID level: stripe (no redundancy), mirror (2-way), raidz1/2/3 (single/double/triple parity) |
| record_size_kb | number | ZFS record size in kilobytes, affects compression and performance |
| metadata_overhead_pct | number | Percentage of raw capacity consumed by ZFS metadata, checksums, and internal structures |
zfs_ramCalculate recommended RAM and ARC sizing for a ZFS storage pool based on workload type, pool size, deduplication status, and L2ARC cache size. Computes minimum and recommended RAM in gigabytes, ARC target size, and dedup table overhead. Accounts for workload-specific IO patterns: NAS (sequential, 1…Calculate recommended RAM and ARC sizing for a ZFS storage pool based on workload type, pool size, deduplication status, and L2ARC cache size. Computes minimum and recommended RAM in gigabytes, ARC target size, and dedup table overhead. Accounts for workload-specific IO patterns: NAS (sequential, 1…
| Parametro | Tipo | Descrizione |
|---|---|---|
| pool_size_tb* | number | Total usable pool size in terabytes |
| workload | string | Primary workload type: general (mixed), nas (sequential reads/writes), database (random IO), virtualization (mixed random) |
| dedup_enabled | boolean | Whether ZFS deduplication is enabled (significantly increases RAM requirements) |
| l2arc_size_gb | number | Size of L2ARC (read cache SSD) in gigabytes; requires additional RAM for index |
tcp_throughputCalculate maximum TCP throughput using the Bandwidth-Delay Product (BDP) formula. Given link bandwidth and round-trip latency, computes the BDP (maximum in-flight data), achievable throughput with a given TCP window size, link utilization percentage, and recommended window size for full utilization…Calculate maximum TCP throughput using the Bandwidth-Delay Product (BDP) formula. Given link bandwidth and round-trip latency, computes the BDP (maximum in-flight data), achievable throughput with a given TCP window size, link utilization percentage, and recommended window size for full utilization…
| Parametro | Tipo | Descrizione |
|---|---|---|
| bandwidth_mbps* | number | Available link bandwidth in megabits per second |
| rtt_ms* | number | Round-trip time (latency) in milliseconds |
| window_size_kb | number | TCP receive window size in kilobytes |
| mss_bytes | number | Maximum Segment Size in bytes (typically 1460 for Ethernet) |
wireguard_mtuCalculate the optimal MTU for a WireGuard VPN tunnel interface with a detailed overhead breakdown. Accounts for WireGuard header (32 bytes), outer IP header (20 bytes IPv4 or 40 bytes IPv6), UDP header (8 bytes), and optional PPPoE encapsulation (8 bytes). Prevents fragmentation and PMTUD black hol…Calculate the optimal MTU for a WireGuard VPN tunnel interface with a detailed overhead breakdown. Accounts for WireGuard header (32 bytes), outer IP header (20 bytes IPv4 or 40 bytes IPv6), UDP header (8 bytes), and optional PPPoE encapsulation (8 bytes). Prevents fragmentation and PMTUD black hol…
| Parametro | Tipo | Descrizione |
|---|---|---|
| interface_mtu | integer | MTU of the underlying physical or virtual network interface in bytes |
| ipv6 | boolean | Whether the outer (transport) IP header uses IPv6 (40 bytes) instead of IPv4 (20 bytes) |
| over_pppoe | boolean | Whether the link uses PPPoE encapsulation (adds 8 bytes of overhead) |
subnet_calculatorCalculate IPv4 subnet details from CIDR notation. Parses a CIDR block (e.g. 192.168.1.0/24) and returns the network address, broadcast address, subnet mask, wildcard mask, first and last usable host addresses, total and usable host counts, prefix length, and classful IP class (A/B/C/D/E). Essential…Calculate IPv4 subnet details from CIDR notation. Parses a CIDR block (e.g. 192.168.1.0/24) and returns the network address, broadcast address, subnet mask, wildcard mask, first and last usable host addresses, total and usable host counts, prefix length, and classful IP class (A/B/C/D/E). Essential…
| Parametro | Tipo | Descrizione |
|---|---|---|
| cidr* | string | IPv4 address in CIDR notation, e.g. 192.168.1.0/24 |
raid_iopsEstimate RAID array IOPS performance and latency for ZFS and traditional RAID configurations. Calculates maximum read IOPS, write IOPS (accounting for write penalty/amplification per RAID level), blended IOPS for a configurable read/write workload mix, and rough per-disk latency. Supports stripe, m…Estimate RAID array IOPS performance and latency for ZFS and traditional RAID configurations. Calculates maximum read IOPS, write IOPS (accounting for write penalty/amplification per RAID level), blended IOPS for a configurable read/write workload mix, and rough per-disk latency. Supports stripe, m…
| Parametro | Tipo | Descrizione |
|---|---|---|
| disk_count* | integer | Total number of physical disks in the array |
| disk_iops | number | IOPS per individual disk. Typical values: HDD ~150, SATA SSD ~50000, NVMe SSD ~100000 |
| raid_type | string | RAID level: stripe (no redundancy, write penalty 1), mirror (write penalty 2), raidz1 (write penalty 2), raidz2 (write penalty 3), raidz3 (write penalty 4) |
| read_pct | number | Percentage of workload that is reads (0-100). Typical: 70 for mixed, 90 for read-heavy, 30 for write-heavy |
power_costCalculate total power consumption, electricity cost, and circuit requirements for a homelab. Enter each device's wattage to get daily/monthly/yearly kWh and cost at your local electricity rate. Accounts for cooling overhead via PUE (Power Usage Effectiveness). Shows amperage draw at 120V and 240V a…Calculate total power consumption, electricity cost, and circuit requirements for a homelab. Enter each device's wattage to get daily/monthly/yearly kWh and cost at your local electricity rate. Accounts for cooling overhead via PUE (Power Usage Effectiveness). Shows amperage draw at 120V and 240V a…
| Parametro | Tipo | Descrizione |
|---|---|---|
| devices* | array | List of devices with their wattage |
| hours_per_day | number | Hours per day the devices are running |
| kwh_rate_cents | number | Electricity cost in cents per kilowatt-hour |
| pue | number | Power Usage Effectiveness — ratio of total facility power to IT equipment power. 1.0 means no cooling overhead, 1.2 is typical for a home server closet, 1.5+ f… |
cooling_btuEstimate the cooling load (BTU/hr) for a homelab or server closet based on equipment wattage, room dimensions, insulation quality, and solar exposure. All electrical power converts to heat — this tool calculates equipment heat output, envelope heat gain through walls, and solar gain to produce a to…Estimate the cooling load (BTU/hr) for a homelab or server closet based on equipment wattage, room dimensions, insulation quality, and solar exposure. All electrical power converts to heat — this tool calculates equipment heat output, envelope heat gain through walls, and solar gain to produce a to…
| Parametro | Tipo | Descrizione |
|---|---|---|
| total_watts* | number | Total power consumption in watts — all power becomes heat |
| room_length_ft | number | Room length in feet |
| room_width_ft | number | Room width in feet |
| room_height_ft | number | Room ceiling height in feet |
| insulation | string | Wall/ceiling insulation quality: poor (uninsulated garage), average (standard drywall), good (insulated interior), excellent (server room with vapor barrier) |
| ambient_temp_f | number | Ambient temperature outside the room in degrees Fahrenheit |
| target_temp_f | number | Desired room temperature in degrees Fahrenheit |
| sun_exposure | string | Solar heat gain: none (interior/basement room), partial (one exterior wall with window), full (multiple sun-facing windows) |
rack_capacityQuick rack space and weight sizing calculator for homelab and small data center racks. Enter your devices with their height in rack units, weight, and wattage to get total utilization, remaining free space, weight totals in lbs and kg, and recommended PDU count based on the NEC 80% continuous load…Quick rack space and weight sizing calculator for homelab and small data center racks. Enter your devices with their height in rack units, weight, and wattage to get total utilization, remaining free space, weight totals in lbs and kg, and recommended PDU count based on the NEC 80% continuous load…
| Parametro | Tipo | Descrizione |
|---|---|---|
| rack_units | integer | Total rack height in rack units (standard is 42U) |
| devices* | array | List of devices to place in the rack |
network_bandwidthPlan and validate network link capacity for homelab workloads. Determine whether a 1G, 2.5G, 10G, or faster link can handle your concurrent streams (VMs, backups, media, iSCSI). Calculates effective bandwidth after TCP/IP overhead, total required bandwidth, utilization percentage, and remaining hea…Plan and validate network link capacity for homelab workloads. Determine whether a 1G, 2.5G, 10G, or faster link can handle your concurrent streams (VMs, backups, media, iSCSI). Calculates effective bandwidth after TCP/IP overhead, total required bandwidth, utilization percentage, and remaining hea…
| Parametro | Tipo | Descrizione |
|---|---|---|
| link_speed_gbps* | number | Network link speed in gigabits per second (e.g. 1, 2.5, 5, 10, 25, 40, 100) |
| concurrent_streams | integer | Number of concurrent data streams / transfers |
| stream_bandwidth_mbps | number | Bandwidth required per stream in megabits per second |
| protocol_overhead_pct | number | TCP/IP protocol overhead as a percentage (typically 3-5% for TCP, ~1% for UDP) |
| storage_throughput_mbps | number | Maximum storage read/write throughput in megabits per second. If provided, checks whether storage is the bottleneck |
thermal_enclosureEstimate steady-state thermal behaviour of a rectangular enclosure (server rack, electronics housing, equipment cabinet) using a lumped-parameter energy balance with natural-convection and radiation correlations, or forced-flow air energy balance. Accepts enclosure dimensions, heat source positions…Estimate steady-state thermal behaviour of a rectangular enclosure (server rack, electronics housing, equipment cabinet) using a lumped-parameter energy balance with natural-convection and radiation correlations, or forced-flow air energy balance. Accepts enclosure dimensions, heat source positions…
| Parametro | Tipo | Descrizione |
|---|---|---|
| length_m* | number | Enclosure length (X) in metres |
| width_m* | number | Enclosure width (Y) in metres |
| height_m* | number | Enclosure height (Z) in metres |
| heat_sources* | array | Heat sources inside the enclosure |
| flow_type* | string | Airflow type |
| inlet_velocity_ms | number | Inlet air velocity in m/s (required for forced flow) |
| inlet_position | string | Inlet location |
| outlet_position | string | Outlet location |
| ambient_temp_c | number | Ambient air temperature in Celsius |
| mesh_density | string | Mesh density — coarse (~50K cells), medium (~200K), fine (~500K) |
heatsink_cfdAnalyze a forced-convection fin-array heatsink using established channel-flow correlations (developing laminar Nusselt, fin efficiency tanh(mH)/mH, parallel-plate friction). Computes base-to-air thermal resistance, pressure drop, base and fin-tip temperatures, fin efficiency, and the optimal fin sp…Analyze a forced-convection fin-array heatsink using established channel-flow correlations (developing laminar Nusselt, fin efficiency tanh(mH)/mH, parallel-plate friction). Computes base-to-air thermal resistance, pressure drop, base and fin-tip temperatures, fin efficiency, and the optimal fin sp…
| Parametro | Tipo | Descrizione |
|---|---|---|
| base_length_m* | number | Heatsink base length in metres |
| base_width_m* | number | Heatsink base width in metres |
| base_height_m* | number | Base plate thickness in metres |
| fin_count* | integer | Number of fins |
| fin_height_m* | number | Fin height in metres |
| fin_thickness_m* | number | Fin thickness in metres |
| airflow_velocity_ms* | number | Incoming airflow velocity in m/s |
| heat_load_w* | number | Total heat load applied to base in watts |
| ambient_temp_c | number | Ambient air temperature in Celsius |
| mesh_density | string | Mesh density |
pcb_thermalEstimate PCB component temperatures by solving a thermal resistance network (thermal↔electrical analogy) with the built-in MNA solver. Each component gets a junction node (package θjb from a typical-datasheet table), a local board node coupled to its neighbours through in-plane FR4/copper conductio…Estimate PCB component temperatures by solving a thermal resistance network (thermal↔electrical analogy) with the built-in MNA solver. Each component gets a junction node (package θjb from a typical-datasheet table), a local board node coupled to its neighbours through in-plane FR4/copper conductio…
| Parametro | Tipo | Descrizione |
|---|---|---|
| board_length_m* | number | Board length in metres |
| board_width_m* | number | Board width in metres |
| board_thickness_m | number | Board thickness in metres (default 1.6mm FR4) |
| components* | array | Components on the board |
| airflow_velocity_ms | number | Airflow velocity in m/s (0 = natural convection) |
| ambient_temp_c | number | Ambient temperature in Celsius |
| mesh_density | string | Mesh density |
battery_lifeCalculates battery runtime and energy capacity given cell capacity in mAh, nominal voltage, and average current draw. Accounts for real-world discharge efficiency (Peukert-adjacent derating) to produce effective capacity, total energy in Wh, and runtime in hours and days. Useful for IoT sensor node…Calculates battery runtime and energy capacity given cell capacity in mAh, nominal voltage, and average current draw. Accounts for real-world discharge efficiency (Peukert-adjacent derating) to produce effective capacity, total energy in Wh, and runtime in hours and days. Useful for IoT sensor node…
| Parametro | Tipo | Descrizione |
|---|---|---|
| capacity_mah* | number | Battery capacity in milliamp-hours (mAh) |
| voltage | number | Nominal battery voltage (V), default 3.7 for Li-ion |
| current_draw_ma* | number | Average current draw in milliamps (mA) |
| efficiency | number | Discharge efficiency factor (0-1), accounts for conversion losses and derating, default 0.85 |
wire_gaugeDetermines the minimum AWG (American Wire Gauge) conductor size for a given current, voltage, one-way cable distance, and maximum allowable voltage drop percentage. Supports copper and aluminum conductors. Computes round-trip resistance, actual voltage drop in volts and percent, and wire cross-sect…Determines the minimum AWG (American Wire Gauge) conductor size for a given current, voltage, one-way cable distance, and maximum allowable voltage drop percentage. Supports copper and aluminum conductors. Computes round-trip resistance, actual voltage drop in volts and percent, and wire cross-sect…
| Parametro | Tipo | Descrizione |
|---|---|---|
| current_amps* | number | Load current in amperes (A) |
| voltage* | number | System voltage (V) |
| distance_m* | number | One-way conductor distance in meters |
| max_drop_pct | number | Maximum allowable voltage drop as percentage (default 3%) |
| conductor | string | Conductor material: copper or aluminum |
solar_sizingSizes an off-grid solar power system by calculating the number of panels and battery bank capacity required for a given daily energy consumption. Accounts for system losses (inverter, wiring, charge controller), battery depth-of-discharge, and autonomy days for cloudy weather. Outputs panel count,…Sizes an off-grid solar power system by calculating the number of panels and battery bank capacity required for a given daily energy consumption. Accounts for system losses (inverter, wiring, charge controller), battery depth-of-discharge, and autonomy days for cloudy weather. Outputs panel count,…
| Parametro | Tipo | Descrizione |
|---|---|---|
| daily_kwh* | number | Daily energy consumption in kilowatt-hours (kWh) |
| peak_sun_hours | number | Average peak sun hours per day for your location (hours) |
| panel_watts | number | Rated wattage per solar panel (W) |
| system_voltage | number | Battery bank system voltage: 12, 24, or 48 V |
| battery_autonomy_days | number | Number of days the battery bank should sustain load without solar input |
| dod | number | Battery depth of discharge (0-1), default 0.8 for LiFePO4 |
| system_efficiency | number | Overall system efficiency (0-1), accounts for inverter, wiring, and controller losses |
ups_runtimeEstimates UPS (Uninterruptible Power Supply) backup runtime from battery specifications and connected load. Takes VA rating, watt rating, load in watts, and battery configuration (count, voltage, amp-hours) to compute effective stored energy after efficiency losses and runtime in minutes and hours.…Estimates UPS (Uninterruptible Power Supply) backup runtime from battery specifications and connected load. Takes VA rating, watt rating, load in watts, and battery configuration (count, voltage, amp-hours) to compute effective stored energy after efficiency losses and runtime in minutes and hours.…
| Parametro | Tipo | Descrizione |
|---|---|---|
| va_rating* | number | UPS VA (volt-ampere) rating |
| watt_rating* | number | UPS real power (watt) rating |
| load_watts* | number | Connected load in watts |
| battery_count | integer | Number of batteries in the UPS |
| battery_voltage | number | Voltage per battery (V) |
| battery_ah | number | Capacity per battery in amp-hours (Ah) |
| efficiency | number | Inverter/conversion efficiency (0-1), default 0.9 |
mah_to_whConverts battery capacity from milliamp-hours (mAh) to watt-hours (Wh), kilowatt-hours (kWh), and joules (J) given the nominal cell voltage. This is the most common battery unit conversion needed when comparing cells rated in mAh (e.g. 18650, AA) against energy budgets specified in Wh. Essential fo…Converts battery capacity from milliamp-hours (mAh) to watt-hours (Wh), kilowatt-hours (kWh), and joules (J) given the nominal cell voltage. This is the most common battery unit conversion needed when comparing cells rated in mAh (e.g. 18650, AA) against energy budgets specified in Wh. Essential fo…
| Parametro | Tipo | Descrizione |
|---|---|---|
| capacity_mah* | number | Battery capacity in milliamp-hours (mAh) |
| voltage_v* | number | Nominal battery voltage (V) |
watts_to_ampsConverts electrical power in watts to current in amps (and milliamps) for a given voltage, using the DC power formula P = V * I. Also computes the implied load resistance via Ohm's law (R = V / I) assuming a purely resistive load. This is the most common electrical conversion for circuit design, fu…Converts electrical power in watts to current in amps (and milliamps) for a given voltage, using the DC power formula P = V * I. Also computes the implied load resistance via Ohm's law (R = V / I) assuming a purely resistive load. This is the most common electrical conversion for circuit design, fu…
| Parametro | Tipo | Descrizione |
|---|---|---|
| watts* | number | Power in watts (W) |
| voltage_v* | number | Voltage in volts (V) |
voltage_dropprivilegiatoCalculates voltage drop across a conductor run given current, wire length, AWG gauge, system voltage, and conductor material (copper or aluminum). Computes round-trip resistance, voltage drop in volts and percent, voltage at the load end, power dissipated in the wire, and NEC compliance flags (3% m…Calculates voltage drop across a conductor run given current, wire length, AWG gauge, system voltage, and conductor material (copper or aluminum). Computes round-trip resistance, voltage drop in volts and percent, voltage at the load end, power dissipated in the wire, and NEC compliance flags (3% m…
| Parametro | Tipo | Descrizione |
|---|---|---|
| current_amps* | number | Load current in amperes (A) |
| wire_length_m* | number | One-way wire length in meters |
| wire_gauge_awg* | number | Wire gauge in AWG (e.g. 14, 12, 10; use negative for large gauges: -3 = 4/0) |
| voltage_v* | number | System voltage (V) |
| conductor | string | Conductor material: copper or aluminum |
battery_charge_timeEstimates battery charge time given capacity in mAh, charge current in mA, charger efficiency, and initial state of charge. Accounts for real-world charging losses (typically 80-90% efficient) to produce time in hours and minutes, energy required in Wh (at an optional voltage, default 3.7V for Li-i…Estimates battery charge time given capacity in mAh, charge current in mA, charger efficiency, and initial state of charge. Accounts for real-world charging losses (typically 80-90% efficient) to produce time in hours and minutes, energy required in Wh (at an optional voltage, default 3.7V for Li-i…
| Parametro | Tipo | Descrizione |
|---|---|---|
| capacity_mah* | number | Total battery capacity in milliamp-hours (mAh) |
| charge_current_ma* | number | Charge current in milliamps (mA) |
| efficiency | number | Charger efficiency factor (0-1), default 0.85 |
| initial_soc_pct | number | Initial state of charge as percentage (0-100), default 0 (empty) |
| voltage_v | number | Nominal battery voltage for energy calculation (V), default 3.7 for Li-ion |
solar_load_auditCalculates total daily energy consumption from an appliance list — the critical first step before sizing solar panels or batteries. Enter each appliance with its wattage, hours of daily use, and quantity. Outputs total daily kWh (with configurable safety margin for surge and inrush current), peak s…Calculates total daily energy consumption from an appliance list — the critical first step before sizing solar panels or batteries. Enter each appliance with its wattage, hours of daily use, and quantity. Outputs total daily kWh (with configurable safety margin for surge and inrush current), peak s…
| Parametro | Tipo | Descrizione |
|---|---|---|
| appliances* | array | List of appliances with wattage, hours per day, and quantity |
| safety_margin_pct | number | Safety margin percentage to account for surge/inrush current, default 20% |
solar_roiCalculates solar system return on investment, payback period, and levelized cost of energy (LCOE). Models year-by-year savings accounting for panel degradation, utility rate inflation, federal Investment Tax Credit (ITC), state rebates, and annual maintenance. Outputs net cost after incentives, pay…Calculates solar system return on investment, payback period, and levelized cost of energy (LCOE). Models year-by-year savings accounting for panel degradation, utility rate inflation, federal Investment Tax Credit (ITC), state rebates, and annual maintenance. Outputs net cost after incentives, pay…
| Parametro | Tipo | Descrizione |
|---|---|---|
| system_cost_usd* | number | Total installed system cost in USD |
| system_size_kw* | number | System size in kilowatts (kW) |
| annual_production_kwh* | number | Estimated annual energy production in kWh (from PVWatts or system_size_kw * peak_sun_hours * 365 * 0.80) |
| electricity_rate_cents | number | Current electricity rate in cents per kWh, default 15 |
| annual_rate_increase_pct | number | Annual utility rate increase percentage, default 3% |
| federal_itc_pct | number | Federal Investment Tax Credit percentage, default 30% (US ITC) |
| state_rebate_usd | number | State or local rebate amount in USD, default 0 |
| annual_degradation_pct | number | Annual panel degradation rate, default 0.5% per year |
| annual_maintenance_usd | number | Annual maintenance cost in USD, default $100 |
| system_lifetime_years | integer | System lifetime in years, default 25 |
battery_autonomyCalculates how many days a battery bank can sustain loads without solar input — critical for off-grid and backup power sizing. Accounts for depth of discharge, round-trip efficiency (lithium vs lead-acid), minimum state of charge, and optional partial solar contribution during cloudy weather. Outpu…Calculates how many days a battery bank can sustain loads without solar input — critical for off-grid and backup power sizing. Accounts for depth of discharge, round-trip efficiency (lithium vs lead-acid), minimum state of charge, and optional partial solar contribution during cloudy weather. Outpu…
| Parametro | Tipo | Descrizione |
|---|---|---|
| daily_kwh* | number | Daily energy consumption in kilowatt-hours (kWh) |
| battery_kwh* | number | Total installed battery capacity in kWh |
| dod | number | Depth of discharge (0-1), default 0.8 for lithium |
| round_trip_efficiency | number | Battery round-trip efficiency (0-1), default 0.90 for lithium, use 0.80 for lead-acid |
| min_soc_pct | number | Minimum state of charge percentage, default 20% |
| avg_solar_contribution_pct | number | Average solar contribution during autonomy period (0-100%), default 0 for worst-case |
string_sizingCalculates optimal solar panel string and MPPT configuration based on panel electrical specs, inverter/charge-controller MPPT limits, and site temperature extremes. Applies temperature coefficients to determine Voc at minimum temperature (cold) and Vmp at maximum temperature (hot), then computes th…Calculates optimal solar panel string and MPPT configuration based on panel electrical specs, inverter/charge-controller MPPT limits, and site temperature extremes. Applies temperature coefficients to determine Voc at minimum temperature (cold) and Vmp at maximum temperature (hot), then computes th…
| Parametro | Tipo | Descrizione |
|---|---|---|
| panel_voc* | number | Panel open circuit voltage (Voc) at STC in volts |
| panel_vmp* | number | Panel maximum power voltage (Vmp) at STC in volts |
| panel_isc* | number | Panel short circuit current (Isc) at STC in amps |
| panel_imp* | number | Panel maximum power current (Imp) at STC in amps |
| mppt_vmax* | number | Maximum MPPT input voltage in volts |
| mppt_vmin* | number | Minimum MPPT start/operating voltage in volts |
| mppt_imax* | number | Maximum MPPT input current in amps |
| temp_min_c | number | Minimum expected site temperature in Celsius, default -10 |
| temp_max_c | number | Maximum expected cell temperature in Celsius, default 60 |
| temp_coeff_voc_pct_per_c | number | Voc temperature coefficient in %/C (negative for silicon), default -0.30 |
generator_offsetCompares total cost of ownership between a fuel generator and a solar+battery system over a configurable time horizon. Calculates yearly and cumulative costs for generator-only, solar-only (amortized), and hybrid scenarios. Accounts for fuel cost, generator consumption rate, maintenance intervals,…Compares total cost of ownership between a fuel generator and a solar+battery system over a configurable time horizon. Calculates yearly and cumulative costs for generator-only, solar-only (amortized), and hybrid scenarios. Accounts for fuel cost, generator consumption rate, maintenance intervals,…
| Parametro | Tipo | Descrizione |
|---|---|---|
| generator_fuel_cost_per_gallon | number | Fuel cost per gallon in USD, default $3.50 |
| generator_consumption_gph | number | Generator fuel consumption in gallons per hour at load, default 1.0 |
| generator_hours_per_day | number | Generator runtime hours per day, default 8 |
| generator_maintenance_per_1000hrs | number | Generator maintenance cost per 1000 running hours in USD, default $200 |
| solar_system_cost_usd* | number | Total solar+battery system cost in USD |
| solar_daily_kwh_produced* | number | Daily solar energy production in kWh |
| battery_kwh | number | Battery storage capacity in kWh (0 means no battery, generator needed at night), default 0 |
| daily_kwh_needed* | number | Total daily energy requirement in kWh |
| years_to_compare | integer | Number of years to compare, default 10 |
wire_ampacityDetermine minimum wire gauge using NEC Table 310.16 ampacity ratings with full derating. Looks up base ampacity for copper or aluminum conductors at 60°C, 75°C, or 90°C insulation rating, then applies NEC 310.15(C)(1) ambient temperature correction and NEC 310.15(C)(2) conductor count adjustment. A…Determine minimum wire gauge using NEC Table 310.16 ampacity ratings with full derating. Looks up base ampacity for copper or aluminum conductors at 60°C, 75°C, or 90°C insulation rating, then applies NEC 310.15(C)(1) ambient temperature correction and NEC 310.15(C)(2) conductor count adjustment. A…
| Parametro | Tipo | Descrizione |
|---|---|---|
| current_amps* | number | Required circuit current in amperes. Use 125% of continuous load per NEC 210.20(A). |
| conductor | string | Conductor material. Copper has higher ampacity; aluminum is lighter and cheaper for large feeders. |
| insulation | string | Insulation temperature rating in °C. 60=TW/UF-B, 75=THW/THWN/XHHW (most common), 90=THHN/THWN-2. |
| ambient_temp_c | number | Ambient temperature in °C. NEC base is 30°C. Higher temps require derating. Typical: 30 (indoor), 40 (attic/hot), 45+ (rooftop conduit). |
| conductors_in_raceway | integer | Number of current-carrying conductors in a single raceway or cable. More than 3 requires derating per NEC 310.15(C)(2). |
| continuous_load | boolean | Whether the load operates continuously (3+ hours). NEC requires 125% sizing for continuous loads. Set false for intermittent loads. |
inverter_sizingSize a DC-to-AC inverter for off-grid solar, battery backup, or mobile power systems. Computes the required continuous VA rating from total load watts and power factor, estimates surge capacity for motor-starting loads (3-7x rated power), applies NEC-recommended 20% derating for continuous operatio…Size a DC-to-AC inverter for off-grid solar, battery backup, or mobile power systems. Computes the required continuous VA rating from total load watts and power factor, estimates surge capacity for motor-starting loads (3-7x rated power), applies NEC-recommended 20% derating for continuous operatio…
| Parametro | Tipo | Descrizione |
|---|---|---|
| continuous_watts* | number | Total continuous load in watts. Sum of all appliances that may run simultaneously. Chain from solar_load_audit.peak_watts. |
| surge_watts | number | Peak surge/starting load in watts. Motors and compressors draw 3-7x rated watts on startup. If omitted, estimated as 3x the largest single load or 2x continuou… |
| largest_load_watts | number | Wattage of the single largest appliance. Used to estimate surge if surge_watts is not provided. Chain from solar_load_audit.largest_load_watts. |
| system_voltage | string | DC system voltage. 12V for small/mobile, 24V for medium, 48V for large residential/commercial. Higher voltage = lower current = thinner cables. |
| power_factor | number | Power factor (0.5-1.0). Resistive loads (heaters, lights) are ~1.0. Motor loads (fridge, AC, pump) are 0.6-0.8. Mixed loads typically 0.8. |
| efficiency | number | Inverter efficiency (0.5-1.0). Good pure-sine inverters are 0.90-0.95. Modified-sine are 0.85-0.90. Budget units may be lower. |
| derating_pct | number | Derating percentage for temperature, altitude, and safety margin. NEC recommends 20% (80% continuous rating). Range 0-50%. |
pcb_layoutTurn a SPICE netlist into a fab-ready 2-layer PCB: assigns real footprints (0805, TO-92, DO-35, DIP-8, headers, LED, radial-cap), auto-places components (connectivity-aware; or use your own placement), routes a 2-layer maze router with vias, and VERIFIES the result with DRC (clearance/crossing chec…Turn a SPICE netlist into a fab-ready 2-layer PCB: assigns real footprints (0805, TO-92, DO-35, DIP-8, headers, LED, radial-cap), auto-places components (connectivity-aware; or use your own placement), routes a 2-layer maze router with vias, and VERIFIES the result with DRC (clearance/crossing chec…
| Parametro | Tipo | Descrizione |
|---|---|---|
| netlist* | string | SPICE netlist (same format as spice_simulate). Components + nets are extracted; .model/.tran/etc. ignored. |
| placement | array | Optional manual placement; omit for connectivity-aware auto-placement (best of N seeds). |
| board | object | Optional board size in mm; auto-sized if omitted |
| clearance_mm | number | Minimum copper clearance in mm |
| trace_width_mm | number | Routing trace width in mm |
| gnd_pour | boolean | Treat GND as a bottom-layer pour (unions all GND pads for ERC) |
| gerber | boolean | Also return Gerber RS-274X + Excellon drill files |
voltage_dividerCalculates output voltage, current draw, and power dissipation for a resistive voltage divider. Given an input voltage Vin and two resistor values R1 (upper) and R2 (lower), computes Vout = Vin * R2 / (R1 + R2), divider current, individual resistor power dissipation, and the division ratio. Essenti…Calculates output voltage, current draw, and power dissipation for a resistive voltage divider. Given an input voltage Vin and two resistor values R1 (upper) and R2 (lower), computes Vout = Vin * R2 / (R1 + R2), divider current, individual resistor power dissipation, and the division ratio. Essenti…
| Parametro | Tipo | Descrizione |
|---|---|---|
| vin* | number | Input voltage in volts (V). Must be positive. |
| r1_ohm* | number | Upper resistor value in ohms (R1), connected between Vin and Vout node. |
| r2_ohm* | number | Lower resistor value in ohms (R2), connected between Vout node and ground. |
rc_filterComputes the cutoff frequency, time constant, impedance, and phase shift of a first-order RC filter. Supports both lowpass and highpass topologies. The cutoff frequency is f = 1/(2*pi*R*C) where the signal is attenuated by 3 dB. The time constant tau = R*C governs transient response — the capacitor…Computes the cutoff frequency, time constant, impedance, and phase shift of a first-order RC filter. Supports both lowpass and highpass topologies. The cutoff frequency is f = 1/(2*pi*R*C) where the signal is attenuated by 3 dB. The time constant tau = R*C governs transient response — the capacitor…
| Parametro | Tipo | Descrizione |
|---|---|---|
| resistance_ohm* | number | Resistance in ohms (R). The resistive element of the RC filter. |
| capacitance_f* | number | Capacitance in farads (C). The capacitive element of the RC filter. |
| filter_type | string | Filter topology: 'lowpass' (R then C to ground) or 'highpass' (C then R to ground). |
lc_resonanceCalculates the resonant frequency of an LC circuit, along with optional Q factor and bandwidth when series resistance is provided. The resonant frequency f0 = 1/(2*pi*sqrt(L*C)) is where inductive and capacitive reactances cancel. Used for designing tank circuits, oscillators, bandpass filters, and…Calculates the resonant frequency of an LC circuit, along with optional Q factor and bandwidth when series resistance is provided. The resonant frequency f0 = 1/(2*pi*sqrt(L*C)) is where inductive and capacitive reactances cancel. Used for designing tank circuits, oscillators, bandpass filters, and…
| Parametro | Tipo | Descrizione |
|---|---|---|
| inductance_h* | number | Inductance in henries (H). The inductive element of the LC circuit. |
| capacitance_f* | number | Capacitance in farads (F). The capacitive element of the LC circuit. |
| resistance_ohm | number | Optional series resistance in ohms for Q factor and bandwidth calculation. Omit for ideal LC analysis. |
impedance_matchDesigns an L-network impedance matching circuit between two real impedances at a given frequency. Computes the required shunt and series reactive components (inductor and capacitor) to transform the source impedance to the load impedance. The network Q factor is sqrt(Rh/Rl - 1) where Rh is the high…Designs an L-network impedance matching circuit between two real impedances at a given frequency. Computes the required shunt and series reactive components (inductor and capacitor) to transform the source impedance to the load impedance. The network Q factor is sqrt(Rh/Rl - 1) where Rh is the high…
| Parametro | Tipo | Descrizione |
|---|---|---|
| source_ohm* | number | Source impedance in ohms (real, resistive). Must differ from load impedance. |
| load_ohm* | number | Load impedance in ohms (real, resistive). Must differ from source impedance. |
| freq_mhz* | number | Design frequency in megahertz for component value calculation. |
trace_widthCalculates the minimum PCB trace width for a given current using the IPC-2221 standard formula. The IPC-2221 empirical equation relates current capacity to cross-sectional area and temperature rise: I = k * dT^0.44 * A^0.725, where k=0.048 for external layers and k=0.024 for internal layers. Suppor…Calculates the minimum PCB trace width for a given current using the IPC-2221 standard formula. The IPC-2221 empirical equation relates current capacity to cross-sectional area and temperature rise: I = k * dT^0.44 * A^0.725, where k=0.048 for external layers and k=0.024 for internal layers. Suppor…
| Parametro | Tipo | Descrizione |
|---|---|---|
| current_amps* | number | Required current capacity in amperes (A). |
| copper_oz | number | Copper weight in ounces per square foot. 1 oz/ft^2 = 1.37 mil (34.8 um) thickness. Common values: 0.5, 1, 2. |
| temp_rise_c | number | Allowable temperature rise above ambient in degrees Celsius. IPC-2221 standard uses 10, 20, or 30 C. |
| layer | string | PCB layer type. External layers dissipate heat better (k=0.048); internal layers use k=0.024. |
ohms_lawSolves Ohm's Law and the power equation given any two of four electrical quantities: voltage (V), current (I), resistance (R), and power (P). Uses V=IR, P=VI, P=I^2R, and P=V^2/R to derive the missing two values. Fundamental for every circuit design task: sizing resistors, estimating current draw,…Solves Ohm's Law and the power equation given any two of four electrical quantities: voltage (V), current (I), resistance (R), and power (P). Uses V=IR, P=VI, P=I^2R, and P=V^2/R to derive the missing two values. Fundamental for every circuit design task: sizing resistors, estimating current draw,…
| Parametro | Tipo | Descrizione |
|---|---|---|
| voltage_v | number | Voltage in volts (V). Provide exactly 2 of the 4 parameters. |
| current_a | number | Current in amps (A). Provide exactly 2 of the 4 parameters. |
| resistance_ohm | number | Resistance in ohms. Provide exactly 2 of the 4 parameters. |
| power_w | number | Power in watts (W). Provide exactly 2 of the 4 parameters. |
resistor_color_codeDecodes 4-band or 5-band resistor color codes into resistance value, tolerance, and min/max range. Accepts an ordered array of color names (left-to-right as printed on the resistor body). Supports standard EIA color codes including gold and silver multiplier/tolerance bands. Outputs the nominal res…Decodes 4-band or 5-band resistor color codes into resistance value, tolerance, and min/max range. Accepts an ordered array of color names (left-to-right as printed on the resistor body). Supports standard EIA color codes including gold and silver multiplier/tolerance bands. Outputs the nominal res…
| Parametro | Tipo | Descrizione |
|---|---|---|
| bands* | array | Array of 4 or 5 color band names from left to right. 4-band: [digit1, digit2, multiplier, tolerance]. 5-band: [digit1, digit2, digit3, multiplier, tolerance]. |
led_resistorCalculates the current-limiting resistor for driving one or more LEDs in series from a DC supply. Computes the exact resistance from R = (Vsupply - n*Vf) / I, then selects the nearest E24 standard resistor value. Reports the actual current with the standard resistor, power dissipation, and voltage…Calculates the current-limiting resistor for driving one or more LEDs in series from a DC supply. Computes the exact resistance from R = (Vsupply - n*Vf) / I, then selects the nearest E24 standard resistor value. Reports the actual current with the standard resistor, power dissipation, and voltage…
| Parametro | Tipo | Descrizione |
|---|---|---|
| supply_voltage_v* | number | Supply voltage in volts (V). Must be positive. |
| led_forward_v | number | LED forward voltage in volts (V). Defaults to 2.0V (typical red LED). |
| led_current_ma | number | Desired LED current in milliamps (mA). Defaults to 20mA. |
| led_count | integer | Number of LEDs in series. Defaults to 1. |
timer_555Calculates timing parameters for the ubiquitous NE555 / LM555 timer IC in astable (free-running oscillator) and monostable (one-shot pulse) modes. In astable mode, computes frequency, period, duty cycle, and HIGH/LOW durations from R1, R2, and C using f = 1.44 / ((R1 + 2·R2) · C). In monostable mod…Calculates timing parameters for the ubiquitous NE555 / LM555 timer IC in astable (free-running oscillator) and monostable (one-shot pulse) modes. In astable mode, computes frequency, period, duty cycle, and HIGH/LOW durations from R1, R2, and C using f = 1.44 / ((R1 + 2·R2) · C). In monostable mod…
| Parametro | Tipo | Descrizione |
|---|---|---|
| mode* | string | Operating mode. 'astable' produces a continuous square wave. 'monostable' produces a single timed pulse. |
| r1_ohm* | number | Resistance R1 in ohms. In astable mode this is the charge-path resistor between Vcc and the discharge pin. In monostable mode this is the timing resistor. |
| r2_ohm | number | Resistance R2 in ohms (astable mode only). Charge/discharge resistor between the discharge and threshold pins. Required for astable mode. |
| c_farad* | number | Timing capacitor in farads. Typical values range from 1 pF to 1000 µF. Use scientific notation, e.g. 1e-6 for 1 µF. |
op_amp_gainCalculate voltage gain and output for operational amplifier circuits in inverting, non-inverting, and differential configurations. For inverting: Av = -Rf/Ri with input impedance equal to Ri. For non-inverting: Av = 1 + Rf/Rg with very high input impedance. For differential: Av = Rf/Ri applied to (…Calculate voltage gain and output for operational amplifier circuits in inverting, non-inverting, and differential configurations. For inverting: Av = -Rf/Ri with input impedance equal to Ri. For non-inverting: Av = 1 + Rf/Rg with very high input impedance. For differential: Av = Rf/Ri applied to (…
| Parametro | Tipo | Descrizione |
|---|---|---|
| topology* | string | Op-amp circuit topology. 'inverting' uses Rf/Ri feedback with input to inverting terminal. 'non_inverting' applies input to non-inverting terminal with Rf/Rg f… |
| rf_ohm* | number | Feedback resistor Rf in ohms. Sets gain magnitude in all topologies. |
| ri_ohm* | number | Input/gain resistor in ohms. For inverting: input resistor Ri. For non-inverting: ground resistor Rg. For differential: input resistor on both channels. |
| vin_v | number | Input voltage in volts (optional). When provided, computes actual output voltage. For differential topology, this is V1 (non-inverting input). |
| vin2_v | number | Second input voltage in volts (differential topology only). This is V2 (inverting input). |
capacitor_chargeCalculates RC capacitor charge timing, energy storage, and transient voltages. Given resistance, capacitance, supply voltage, and optional initial voltage, computes the RC time constant (τ = R×C), time to reach standard charge thresholds (63%, 86%, 95%, 99%), voltage at key time points, energy stor…Calculates RC capacitor charge timing, energy storage, and transient voltages. Given resistance, capacitance, supply voltage, and optional initial voltage, computes the RC time constant (τ = R×C), time to reach standard charge thresholds (63%, 86%, 95%, 99%), voltage at key time points, energy stor…
| Parametro | Tipo | Descrizione |
|---|---|---|
| resistance_ohm* | number | Series resistance in ohms (R). Controls charge/discharge rate. |
| capacitance_f* | number | Capacitance in farads (C). Use scientific notation, e.g. 1e-6 for 1 µF. |
| v_supply* | number | Supply voltage in volts. The voltage the capacitor charges toward. |
| v_initial | number | Initial capacitor voltage in volts (default 0 for fully discharged). |
| v_target | number | Target voltage to reach in volts (optional). When provided, calculates time to reach this voltage. Must be between v_initial and v_supply. |
pcb_via_currentCalculate PCB via current-carrying capacity using the IPC-2221 standard. A plated via is a hollow copper cylinder whose cross-sectional area is the annular ring of plating: A = pi * (D - t) * t, where D is the drill diameter and t is plating thickness. The IPC-2221 empirical formula I = k * dT^0.44…Calculate PCB via current-carrying capacity using the IPC-2221 standard. A plated via is a hollow copper cylinder whose cross-sectional area is the annular ring of plating: A = pi * (D - t) * t, where D is the drill diameter and t is plating thickness. The IPC-2221 empirical formula I = k * dT^0.44…
| Parametro | Tipo | Descrizione |
|---|---|---|
| drill_diameter_mm | number | Via drill hole diameter in millimeters. Common values: 0.2 (microvia), 0.3 (standard), 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0. |
| plating_thickness_um | number | Copper plating thickness on the via barrel wall in micrometers. Standard is 25 um (IPC Class 2). Heavy plating is 50 um (IPC Class 3). |
| board_thickness_mm | number | Total PCB board thickness in millimeters. Standard 2-layer is 1.6 mm. Common values: 0.8, 1.0, 1.6, 2.0, 2.4. |
| temp_rise_c | number | Allowable temperature rise above ambient in degrees Celsius. IPC-2221 standard uses 10, 20, or 30 C. |
| target_current_a | number | Optional target current in amperes. When provided, calculates how many parallel vias are needed to carry this current safely. |
power_supply_decouplingSelect bypass and bulk decoupling capacitors for IC power supply pins. Computes the target PDN (Power Distribution Network) impedance from supply current, voltage, and allowable ripple using Z_target = V_ripple / I_total. Recommends a ceramic bypass capacitor (high-frequency decoupling, placed clos…Select bypass and bulk decoupling capacitors for IC power supply pins. Computes the target PDN (Power Distribution Network) impedance from supply current, voltage, and allowable ripple using Z_target = V_ripple / I_total. Recommends a ceramic bypass capacitor (high-frequency decoupling, placed clos…
| Parametro | Tipo | Descrizione |
|---|---|---|
| supply_current_ma* | number | IC supply current draw in milliamps (mA). Use the maximum or typical from the datasheet. |
| supply_voltage_v* | number | Supply voltage in volts (V). Common values: 1.8, 2.5, 3.3, 5.0, 12.0. |
| switching_freq_mhz | number | Primary switching or clock frequency of the IC in MHz. Determines the target impedance frequency range. |
| max_ripple_mv | number | Maximum allowable supply ripple in millivolts (mV). Typical: 50 mV for digital, 10 mV for analog/RF. |
| num_ics | integer | Number of identical ICs sharing this supply rail. Scales the total current demand. |
| esr_mohm | number | Equivalent series resistance (ESR) of the ceramic bypass capacitor in milliohms. Typical MLCC: 5-20 mohm. |
log_calcCompute logarithms of a positive number in any base. Returns the custom-base logarithm, natural logarithm (ln), common logarithm (log10), and binary logarithm (log2). Useful for signal processing (decibel calculations), information theory (entropy in bits), pH chemistry, and general scientific comp…Compute logarithms of a positive number in any base. Returns the custom-base logarithm, natural logarithm (ln), common logarithm (log10), and binary logarithm (log2). Useful for signal processing (decibel calculations), information theory (entropy in bits), pH chemistry, and general scientific comp…
| Parametro | Tipo | Descrizione |
|---|---|---|
| value* | number | The positive number to compute the logarithm of |
| base | number | The logarithm base (default 10). Must be positive and not equal to 1 |
sig_figsCount significant figures in a number and optionally round to N significant figures. Accepts the number as a string to preserve trailing zeros (e.g. '1.200' has 4 sig figs). Applies standard sig fig rules: leading zeros do not count, trailing zeros after a decimal point count, trailing zeros before…Count significant figures in a number and optionally round to N significant figures. Accepts the number as a string to preserve trailing zeros (e.g. '1.200' has 4 sig figs). Applies standard sig fig rules: leading zeros do not count, trailing zeros after a decimal point count, trailing zeros before…
| Parametro | Tipo | Descrizione |
|---|---|---|
| number_str* | string | The number as a string to preserve trailing zeros (e.g. '1.200') |
| round_to_n | integer | Optionally round the number to this many significant figures |
scientific_notationConvert any number to scientific notation and engineering notation. Returns the coefficient, exponent, a formatted string with Unicode superscripts (e.g. '3.14 × 10²'), and engineering notation where the exponent is a multiple of 3. Useful for expressing very large or very small values compactly, c…Convert any number to scientific notation and engineering notation. Returns the coefficient, exponent, a formatted string with Unicode superscripts (e.g. '3.14 × 10²'), and engineering notation where the exponent is a multiple of 3. Useful for expressing very large or very small values compactly, c…
| Parametro | Tipo | Descrizione |
|---|---|---|
| value* | number | The number to convert to scientific notation |
percentage_calcCalculate what percentage one number is of another. Given a value and a total, returns the percentage, decimal form, and simplified fraction. For example, 3 out of 4 yields 75%, 0.75, and '3/4'. Commonly used for test scores, survey results, financial ratios, completion rates, and unit conversions.…Calculate what percentage one number is of another. Given a value and a total, returns the percentage, decimal form, and simplified fraction. For example, 3 out of 4 yields 75%, 0.75, and '3/4'. Commonly used for test scores, survey results, financial ratios, completion rates, and unit conversions.…
| Parametro | Tipo | Descrizione |
|---|---|---|
| value* | number | The part or numerator value |
| total* | number | The whole or denominator value (must not be zero) |
percentage_increaseCalculate the percentage change between an old value and a new value. Determines whether the change is an increase or decrease, the absolute change, and the percentage change. Essential for financial analysis (stock price changes, revenue growth), scientific measurements (before/ after experiments)…Calculate the percentage change between an old value and a new value. Determines whether the change is an increase or decrease, the absolute change, and the percentage change. Essential for financial analysis (stock price changes, revenue growth), scientific measurements (before/ after experiments)…
| Parametro | Tipo | Descrizione |
|---|---|---|
| old_value* | number | The original or starting value |
| new_value* | number | The new or ending value |
exponent_calcCompute the result of raising a base to an exponent (base^exponent). Handles positive and negative exponents, fractional exponents, and zero. Returns the numeric result and a scientific notation string for very large or very small results. Useful for compound interest calculations, exponential grow…Compute the result of raising a base to an exponent (base^exponent). Handles positive and negative exponents, fractional exponents, and zero. Returns the numeric result and a scientific notation string for very large or very small results. Useful for compound interest calculations, exponential grow…
| Parametro | Tipo | Descrizione |
|---|---|---|
| base* | number | The base number |
| exponent* | number | The exponent (power) to raise the base to |
square_rootCompute the square root of a non-negative number. Returns the decimal result, whether the input is a perfect square, and a simplified radical form (e.g. '√12' simplifies to '2√3'). For integer inputs, factors are extracted from under the radical sign. Useful for geometry (diagonal/hypotenuse calcul…Compute the square root of a non-negative number. Returns the decimal result, whether the input is a perfect square, and a simplified radical form (e.g. '√12' simplifies to '2√3'). For integer inputs, factors are extracted from under the radical sign. Useful for geometry (diagonal/hypotenuse calcul…
| Parametro | Tipo | Descrizione |
|---|---|---|
| value* | number | The non-negative number to compute the square root of |
circumferenceCalculate the circumference and area of a circle given either a radius or diameter. Provide one or both; if both are given, radius takes precedence. Returns circumference (C = 2πr), area (A = πr²), and both radius and diameter for completeness. Common in mechanical engineering (pulley systems, pipe…Calculate the circumference and area of a circle given either a radius or diameter. Provide one or both; if both are given, radius takes precedence. Returns circumference (C = 2πr), area (A = πr²), and both radius and diameter for completeness. Common in mechanical engineering (pulley systems, pipe…
| Parametro | Tipo | Descrizione |
|---|---|---|
| radius | number | The radius of the circle (takes precedence over diameter) |
| diameter | number | The diameter of the circle |
slope_calcCalculate the slope, y-intercept, line equation, angle, and distance between two points in a 2D Cartesian plane. Given coordinates (x1, y1) and (x2, y2), computes slope (rise/run), y-intercept, the equation in slope-intercept form (y = mx + b), angle in degrees relative to the x-axis, and Euclidean…Calculate the slope, y-intercept, line equation, angle, and distance between two points in a 2D Cartesian plane. Given coordinates (x1, y1) and (x2, y2), computes slope (rise/run), y-intercept, the equation in slope-intercept form (y = mx + b), angle in degrees relative to the x-axis, and Euclidean…
| Parametro | Tipo | Descrizione |
|---|---|---|
| x1* | number | X-coordinate of the first point |
| y1* | number | Y-coordinate of the first point |
| x2* | number | X-coordinate of the second point |
| y2* | number | Y-coordinate of the second point |
pythagorean_theoremSolve for any side of a right triangle using the Pythagorean theorem (a² + b² = c²). Provide any two of the three sides (a, b, c) and the missing side is computed. Also returns the triangle area (0.5 * a * b), perimeter, and confirms it is a right triangle. Side c is always the hypotenuse. Fundamen…Solve for any side of a right triangle using the Pythagorean theorem (a² + b² = c²). Provide any two of the three sides (a, b, c) and the missing side is computed. Also returns the triangle area (0.5 * a * b), perimeter, and confirms it is a right triangle. Side c is always the hypotenuse. Fundamen…
| Parametro | Tipo | Descrizione |
|---|---|---|
| a | number | Length of side a (leg) |
| b | number | Length of side b (leg) |
| c | number | Length of side c (hypotenuse) |
p_valueCalculate the p-value for a z-score or t-statistic. Supports one-tailed (left or right) and two-tailed hypothesis tests using either the standard normal distribution or the Student's t-distribution when degrees of freedom are specified. Returns significance flags at the 0.01, 0.05, and 0.10 alpha l…Calculate the p-value for a z-score or t-statistic. Supports one-tailed (left or right) and two-tailed hypothesis tests using either the standard normal distribution or the Student's t-distribution when degrees of freedom are specified. Returns significance flags at the 0.01, 0.05, and 0.10 alpha l…
| Parametro | Tipo | Descrizione |
|---|---|---|
| test_statistic* | number | The z-score or t-statistic from your hypothesis test. Positive values indicate the observed value is above the null hypothesis mean. |
| test_type | string | Tail type: one_tail_left (p from left), one_tail_right (p from right), or two_tail (both tails combined). |
| degrees_of_freedom | integer | Degrees of freedom for the t-distribution. Omit to use the standard normal (z) distribution. |
confidence_intervalCalculate the confidence interval for a sample mean. Given a sample mean, sample size, standard deviation, and confidence level, computes the margin of error, lower and upper bounds, critical z-score, and standard error. Supports finite population correction (FPC) when a population size is provided…Calculate the confidence interval for a sample mean. Given a sample mean, sample size, standard deviation, and confidence level, computes the margin of error, lower and upper bounds, critical z-score, and standard error. Supports finite population correction (FPC) when a population size is provided…
| Parametro | Tipo | Descrizione |
|---|---|---|
| sample_mean* | number | The observed sample mean (x-bar) around which the confidence interval is centered. |
| sample_size* | integer | The number of observations in the sample (n). Must be a positive integer. |
| standard_deviation* | number | The standard deviation of the sample or population. Must be a positive number. |
| confidence_level | number | Confidence level as a decimal between 0 and 1 (e.g. 0.95 for 95%). Default is 0.95. |
| population_size | integer | Total population size for finite population correction (FPC). Omit for infinite population assumption. |
sales_taxCalculates total cost including sales tax for a purchase. Given a unit price, tax rate percentage, and optional quantity, computes the subtotal (price times quantity), the tax amount rounded to two decimal places, and the final total. Useful for estimating purchase costs across US states and munici…Calculates total cost including sales tax for a purchase. Given a unit price, tax rate percentage, and optional quantity, computes the subtotal (price times quantity), the tax amount rounded to two decimal places, and the final total. Useful for estimating purchase costs across US states and munici…
| Parametro | Tipo | Descrizione |
|---|---|---|
| price* | number | Unit price of the item in dollars (or any currency). Must be positive. |
| tax_rate_pct | number | Sales tax rate as a percentage (e.g. 8.875 for 8.875%). Defaults to 0 — enter your local rate. |
| quantity | integer | Number of items to purchase. Defaults to 1. |
salary_to_hourlyConverts compensation between annual salary, monthly pay, weekly pay, and hourly wage. Accepts any of the four pay periods as input and derives all others. Uses configurable hours per week (default 40) and weeks per year (default 52). Daily rate assumes an 8-hour workday; monthly is annual divided…Converts compensation between annual salary, monthly pay, weekly pay, and hourly wage. Accepts any of the four pay periods as input and derives all others. Uses configurable hours per week (default 40) and weeks per year (default 52). Daily rate assumes an 8-hour workday; monthly is annual divided…
| Parametro | Tipo | Descrizione |
|---|---|---|
| amount* | number | The salary or wage amount to convert. |
| from_type | string | The pay period of the input amount. Defaults to 'annual'. |
| hours_per_week | number | Hours worked per week. Defaults to 40 for a standard full-time schedule. |
| weeks_per_year | number | Working weeks per year. Defaults to 52. Use 50 to account for 2 weeks unpaid vacation. |
loan_amortizationComputes a full loan amortization schedule given principal, annual interest rate, and term in months. Returns the fixed monthly payment, total interest, total payments, and a month-by-month breakdown of principal vs interest. Supports optional extra monthly payments — shows months saved and interes…Computes a full loan amortization schedule given principal, annual interest rate, and term in months. Returns the fixed monthly payment, total interest, total payments, and a month-by-month breakdown of principal vs interest. Supports optional extra monthly payments — shows months saved and interes…
| Parametro | Tipo | Descrizione |
|---|---|---|
| principal* | number | Loan principal amount in dollars (or any currency unit). |
| annual_rate_pct* | number | Annual interest rate as a percentage (e.g., 6.5 for 6.5%). |
| term_months* | integer | Loan term in months. Max 600 (50 years). Common values: 360 (30yr), 180 (15yr), 60 (5yr auto). |
| extra_payment | number | Optional fixed extra monthly payment toward principal. Defaults to 0. |
compound_interestCalculates compound interest growth over time using the formula A = P(1 + r/n)^(nt). Given a principal, annual rate, duration in years, and compounding frequency, returns the future value, total interest earned, effective annual rate (APY), and a year-by-year growth schedule. Supports optional recu…Calculates compound interest growth over time using the formula A = P(1 + r/n)^(nt). Given a principal, annual rate, duration in years, and compounding frequency, returns the future value, total interest earned, effective annual rate (APY), and a year-by-year growth schedule. Supports optional recu…
| Parametro | Tipo | Descrizione |
|---|---|---|
| principal* | number | Initial investment or deposit amount (any currency unit). |
| annual_rate_pct* | number | Annual interest rate as a percentage (e.g., 5.5 for 5.5%). |
| years* | number | Investment duration in years. Max 100. |
| compounds_per_year | integer | How often interest compounds per year. Allowed: 1 (annually), 2 (semi-annually), 4 (quarterly), 12 (monthly), 52 (weekly), 365 (daily). Defaults to 12. |
| monthly_contribution | number | Optional recurring monthly contribution added at each month. Defaults to 0. |
test_gradeCalculates a test or exam grade from the number of correct answers and total questions. Returns the percentage score, letter grade, points missed, and GPA points. Supports US grading (A/B/C/D/F with 4.0 GPA scale), UK grading (First/2:1/2:2/Third/Fail), and percentage-only mode. US thresholds: A>=9…Calculates a test or exam grade from the number of correct answers and total questions. Returns the percentage score, letter grade, points missed, and GPA points. Supports US grading (A/B/C/D/F with 4.0 GPA scale), UK grading (First/2:1/2:2/Third/Fail), and percentage-only mode. US thresholds: A>=9…
| Parametro | Tipo | Descrizione |
|---|---|---|
| correct* | integer | Number of questions answered correctly. Must be a non-negative integer. |
| total* | integer | Total number of questions on the test. Must be a positive integer. |
| grading_scale | string | Grading scale to use. 'us' for A-F letter grades, 'uk' for First/2:1/2:2/Third/Fail, 'percentage_only' for just the percentage. |
square_footageCalculates area and perimeter for common shapes — rectangle, circle, or triangle — in both imperial and metric units. Returns area in square feet, square meters, and acres, plus perimeter in feet and meters. For rectangles: area = length * width, perimeter = 2*(length + width). For circles: area =…Calculates area and perimeter for common shapes — rectangle, circle, or triangle — in both imperial and metric units. Returns area in square feet, square meters, and acres, plus perimeter in feet and meters. For rectangles: area = length * width, perimeter = 2*(length + width). For circles: area =…
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unit_convertConvert between units across 10 categories: length (m, km, mi, ft, in, yd, nmi), mass (kg, lb, oz, g, ton), volume (l, gal, ml, cup, fl_oz), area (m2, ft2, acre, hectare), speed (mps, kph, mph, knot), pressure (pa, psi, bar, atm, mmhg), energy (j, kwh, btu, cal, wh), data (b, kb, mb, gb, tb), time…Convert between units across 10 categories: length (m, km, mi, ft, in, yd, nmi), mass (kg, lb, oz, g, ton), volume (l, gal, ml, cup, fl_oz), area (m2, ft2, acre, hectare), speed (mps, kph, mph, knot), pressure (pa, psi, bar, atm, mmhg), energy (j, kwh, btu, cal, wh), data (b, kb, mb, gb, tb), time…
| Parametro | Tipo | Descrizione |
|---|---|---|
| value* | number | The numeric value to convert. |
| from* | string | Source unit abbreviation (e.g., 'km', 'lb', 'f', 'psi', 'kwh'). Case-insensitive. |
| to* | string | Target unit abbreviation (e.g., 'mi', 'kg', 'c', 'bar', 'btu'). Case-insensitive. |
hex_converterConvert numbers between hexadecimal, binary, decimal, and octal bases. Accepts any base as input (prefix 0x for hex, 0b for binary, 0o for octal, or plain decimal) and returns all four representations simultaneously. Also reports bit width, byte count, ASCII character (if printable), and signed int…Convert numbers between hexadecimal, binary, decimal, and octal bases. Accepts any base as input (prefix 0x for hex, 0b for binary, 0o for octal, or plain decimal) and returns all four representations simultaneously. Also reports bit width, byte count, ASCII character (if printable), and signed int…
| Parametro | Tipo | Descrizione |
|---|---|---|
| value* | string | The number to convert. Prefix with 0x for hex (0xFF), 0b for binary (0b1010), 0o for octal (0o17). Plain numbers are treated as decimal. Supports negative valu… |
timestamp_converterConvert between Unix timestamps and human-readable date/time formats. Accepts Unix epoch (in seconds or milliseconds), ISO 8601 strings, or 'now' for the current time. Returns both Unix seconds and milliseconds, ISO 8601 UTC string, date and time components, day of the week, relative time descripti…Convert between Unix timestamps and human-readable date/time formats. Accepts Unix epoch (in seconds or milliseconds), ISO 8601 strings, or 'now' for the current time. Returns both Unix seconds and milliseconds, ISO 8601 UTC string, date and time components, day of the week, relative time descripti…
| Parametro | Tipo | Descrizione |
|---|---|---|
| value* | string | A timestamp to convert. Accepts Unix epoch (seconds or milliseconds), ISO 8601 string (e.g. '2024-01-15T10:30:00Z'), or 'now' for the current time. |
bmi_calculatorCalculate Body Mass Index (BMI) from weight and height using the WHO standard formula. Supports metric (kg/cm) and imperial (lbs/inches) units. Returns the BMI value, WHO classification (Underweight, Normal, Overweight, Obese Class I-III), and the healthy weight range for the given height. Formula:…Calculate Body Mass Index (BMI) from weight and height using the WHO standard formula. Supports metric (kg/cm) and imperial (lbs/inches) units. Returns the BMI value, WHO classification (Underweight, Normal, Overweight, Obese Class I-III), and the healthy weight range for the given height. Formula:…
| Parametro | Tipo | Descrizione |
|---|---|---|
| weight* | number | Body weight. Units determined by the 'unit' parameter. |
| height* | number | Height. Units determined by the 'unit' parameter. |
| unit | string | Unit system. 'metric' = kg and cm. 'imperial' = lbs and inches. Defaults to 'metric'. |
tip_calculatorCalculate tip and split a restaurant bill among multiple people. Given a bill amount, tip percentage, and number of diners, returns the tip amount, total with tip, per-person share, and effective tip percentage. Supports rounding up to the nearest whole number for convenience. Defaults to 18% tip f…Calculate tip and split a restaurant bill among multiple people. Given a bill amount, tip percentage, and number of diners, returns the tip amount, total with tip, per-person share, and effective tip percentage. Supports rounding up to the nearest whole number for convenience. Defaults to 18% tip f…
| Parametro | Tipo | Descrizione |
|---|---|---|
| bill_amount* | number | Total bill amount before tip (any currency). |
| tip_pct | number | Tip percentage. Common values: 15 (standard), 18 (good), 20 (great), 25 (excellent). Defaults to 18%. |
| split | integer | Number of people splitting the bill. Defaults to 1 (no split). |
| round_up | boolean | Round the total up to the nearest whole number. Defaults to false. |
date_differenceCalculate the difference between two dates in days, weeks, months, years, and business days. Accepts dates in YYYY-MM-DD format. Returns the absolute difference (order doesn't matter) plus a flag indicating whether the end date is in the future relative to start. Business days count only Monday thr…Calculate the difference between two dates in days, weeks, months, years, and business days. Accepts dates in YYYY-MM-DD format. Returns the absolute difference (order doesn't matter) plus a flag indicating whether the end date is in the future relative to start. Business days count only Monday thr…
| Parametro | Tipo | Descrizione |
|---|---|---|
| start_date* | string | Start date in YYYY-MM-DD format (e.g., '2024-01-15'). |
| end_date* | string | End date in YYYY-MM-DD format (e.g., '2024-12-31'). |
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